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Metropol, Moscow, Russia. You probably wouldn't
think of Russia for casinos but the Casino Metropol,
part of the Hotel Metropol is located just a few minutes
from the Red Square and the Kremlin. The 24-hour casino
also features 11 tables with blackjack, roulette and
poker.
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Russia
(Rossiya), also the Russian Federation, Rossiyskaya
Federatsiya; listen is a transcontinental country
extending over much of northern Eurasia (Europe and
Asia). With an area of 17,075,400 km², Russia
is the largest country in the world, covering almost
twice the total area of the next-largest country,
Canada, and has unparalleled mineral and energy resources
combined with the world's ninth-largest population.
Russia shares land borders with the following countries
(counter-clockwise from northwest to southeast): Norway,
Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Belarus,
Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia,
and North Korea. It is also close to the United States
(the state of Alaska), Sweden, and Japan across relatively
small stretches of water (the Bering Strait, the Baltic
Sea, and La Pérouse Strait, respectively).
Formerly
the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR),
a republic of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
(USSR), Russia became the Russian Federation following
the dissolution of the Soviet Union in December 1991.
After the Soviet era, more than half of the area,
population, and industrial production of the Soviet
Union (then one of the world's two Cold War superpowers,
the other one being the United States) passed on to
the Russian Federation.
Russia
is considered to be an energy superpower. Russia is
internationally recognized as continuing the legal
personality of the Soviet Union and is a permanent
member of the United Nations Security Council. It
is also one of the five recognised nuclear weapons
states and possesses the world's largest stockpile
of weapons of mass destruction. Russia is the leading
nation of the Commonwealth of Independent States,
and a member of the G8 as well as other international
organizations.
Geography
The
Russian Federation stretches across much of the north
of the super-continent of Eurasia. Because of its
size, Russia displays both monotony and diversity.
As with its topography, its climates, vegetation,
and soils span vast distances. From north to south
the East European Plain is clad sequentially in tundra,
coniferous forest (taiga), mixed and broad-leaf forests,
grassland (steppe), and semi-desert (fringing the
Caspian Sea) as the changes in vegetation reflect
the changes in climate. Siberia supports a similar
sequence but is taiga
Topography
The
two widest separated points in Russia are about 8,000
km (5,000 mi) apart along a geodesic (i.e. shortest
line between two points on the Earth's surface). These
points are: the boundary with Poland on a 60 km long
(40-mi long) spit of land separating the Gulf of Gdansk
from the Vistula Lagoon; and the farthest southeast
of the Kurile Islands, a few miles off Hokkaido Island,
Japan. The points which are furthest separated in
longitude are 6,600 km (4,100 mi) apart along a geodesic.
These points are: in the West, the same spit; in the
East, the Big Diomede Island (Ostrov Ratmanova). The
Russian Federation spans eleven time zones.
Russia
has the world's largest forest reserves and is known
as "the lungs of Europe," second only to
the Amazon Rainforest in the amount of carbon dioxide
it absorbs. It provides a huge amount of oxygen for
not just Europe, but the world. With access to three
of the world's oceans—the Atlantic, Arctic,
and Pacific—Russian fishing fleets are a major
contributor to the world's fish supply. The Caspian
is the source of what is considered the finest caviar
in the world.
Most
of Russia consists of vast stretches of plains that
are predominantly steppe to the south and heavily
forested to the north, with tundra along the northern
coast. Mountain ranges are found along the southern
borders, such as the Caucasus (containing Mount Elbrus,
Russia's and Europe's highest point at 5,642 m / 18,511
ft) and the Altai, and in the eastern parts, such
as the Verkhoyansk Range or the volcanoes on Kamchatka.
The Ural Mountains form a north-south range that divides
Europe and Asia, rich in mineral resources. Russia
possesses 8.9% of the world's arable land.
Russia
has an extensive coastline of over 37,000 kilometers
(23,000 mi) along the Arctic and Pacific Oceans, as
well as the Baltic, Black and Caspian seas. The Barents
Sea, White Sea, Kara Sea, Laptev Sea, East Siberian
Sea, Bering Sea, Sea of Okhotsk and the Sea of Japan
are linked to Russia.
Major
islands and archipelagos include Novaya Zemlya, the
Franz Josef Land, the New Siberian Islands, Wrangel
Island, the Kuril Islands and Sakhalin. The Diomede
Islands (one controlled by Russia, the other by the
United States) are just three kilometers (1.9 mi)
apart, and Kunashir Island (controlled by Russia but
claimed by Japan) is about twenty kilometers (12 mi)
from Hokkaido.
Russia
has thousands of rivers and inland bodies of water,
providing it with one of the world's largest surface
water resources. The most prominent of Russia's bodies
of fresh water is Lake Baikal, the world's deepest
and most capacious freshwater lake. Lake Baikal alone
contains over one fifth of the world's fresh surface
water.
Many
rivers flow across Russia; see Rivers of Russia. Of
its 100,000 rivers, Russia contains some of the world's
longest. The Volga is the most famous—not only
because it is the longest river in Europe but also
because of its major role in Russian history. Major
lakes include Lake Baikal, Lake Ladoga and Lake Onega;
see List of lakes in Russia. Russia has a wide natural
resource base including major deposits of petroleum,
natural gas, coal, timber and mineral resources unmatched
by any other country.
Climate
Owing
to its size, Russia's climate also displays both monotony
and diversity. The climate of the Russian Federation
formed under the influence of several determining
factors. One of the most important is the enormous
size and remoteness of many areas from the sea, resulting
in the dominance of the continental climate, which
is prevalent in European and Asian Russia except for
the tundra and the extreme southeast. Mountains in
the south obstructing the flow of warm air masses
from the Indian Ocean and the plain of the west and
north makes the country open to Arctic and Atlantic
influences.
Throughout
much of the territory there are only two distinct
seasons—winter and summer; Spring and autumn
are usually brief periods of change between extremely
low temperatures and extremely high. The coldest month
is January (on the shores of the sea—February),
the warmest usually is July. Great ranges of temperature
are typical. In winter temperatures get colder both
from south to north and from west to east. Summers
can be quite hot and humid, even in Siberia. A small
part of Black Sea coast around Sochi is considered
in Russia to have subtropical climate. The continental
interiors are the driest areas. (Credit:
Wikipedia).
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